Friday, August 14, 2015

Parashat Re'eh 5775


In this week’s parasha God tells us that when our borders in Israel expand we can have meat locally as long as it is non-sacrificial. However, the meat must be slaughtered, seemingly in the same manner as sacrificial meat is slaughtered. The effect is to ensure all sanctified meat is centralized on Jerusalem. However, slaughter moves from a specialized domain of the priests to the work of lay-people.

דברים פרשת ראה פרק יב
Deuteronomy Chapter 12
(כ) כִּי־יַרְחִיב יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת־גְּבֻלְךָ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר־לָךְ וְאָמַרְתָּ אֹכְלָה בָשָׂר כִּי־תְאַוֶּה נַפְשְׁךָ לֶאֱכֹל בָּשָׂר בְּכָל־אַוַּת נַפְשְׁךָ תֹּאכַל בָּשָׂר:
(20) When [if, since] Hashem your God will expand your  boundaries as He spoke to you, and you will say, “I will eat meat,” for it is the desire of your heart to eat meat, according to the desire of your heart you will eat meat.
(כא) כִּי־יִרְחַק מִמְּךָ הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִבְחַר יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ לָשׂוּם שְׁמוֹ שָׁם וְזָבַחְתָּ מִבְּקָרְךָ וּמִצֹּאנְךָ אֲשֶׁר נָתַן יְקֹוָק לְךָ כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ בְּכֹל אַוַּת נַפְשֶׁךָ:
(21) When [if, since] the place that Hashem will chose to place His name there will be far from you, then you will slaughter, from your cattle or your sheep that Hashem gave to you, as He commanded you, and you will eat in your gates according to your heart’s desire.

Following the Torah, the Mishna expands slaughter to everyone Jewish aside from the classic three categories of people who do not have proper ability to communicate with the rest of society. However, we  even accept the slaughter of a blind person or someone who slaughters sinfully (as on Yom Kippur). The Tosefta expands this futher in detail.
משנה מסכת חולין פרק א, משנה א
Mishna, Tractate Chullin, Chapter 1, Mishnah 1
הכל שוחטין ושחיטתן כשרה חוץ מחרש שוטה וקטן שמא יקלקלו בשחיטתן
All may slaughter, and their slaughter is fit except for a deaf mute, a crazy person, or a minor, lest they mess up in their slaughtering.
וכולן ששחטו ואחרים רואין אותן שחיטתן כשרה
And all who slaughtered and others watched them, their slaughter is fit.
שחיטת נכרי נבלה ומטמאה במשא
The slaughter of a non-Jew is a neveilah and renders impure by carrying.
השוחט בלילה וכן הסומא ששחט שחיטתו כשרה השוחט בשבת וביום הכפורים אף על פי שמתחייב בנפשו שחיטתו כשרה:
One who slaughters at night, and also a blind person who slaughters, his slaughter is fit. One who slaughters on Shabbat or on Yom Kippur, even though he is obligated for his life, his slaughter is fit.

תוספתא מסכת חולין (צוקרמאנדל) פרק א, הלכה א
Tosefta, Tractate Chullin (Zuckermandl edition), Chapter 1, Halakha 1
הכל כשרין לשחוט אפילו כותי אפילו ערל ואפילו ישראל משומד
All are fit to slaughter, even a Samaritan, even an uncircumcised man, even a Jewish apostate.
שחיטת המין עבודה זרה ושחיטת גוי הרי זו פסולה ושחיטת הקוף הרי זו פסולה שנ' וזבחת ואכלת לא שזבח הגוי ולא שזבח הקוף ולא שנזבח מאליה:
The slaughter of a sectarian is idolatry, and the slaughter of a non-Jew is, behold, unfit. And the slaughter of a monkey is unfit, as it says, “You will slaughter and you will eat.” Not where a non-Jew slaughtered, or where a monkey slaughtered, or where is was slaughtered by itself.

However, the Babylonian Talmud starts to put on the breaks in a slow return to slaughter being specialized. It claims the Mishna expanding slaughter to almost everyone is the non-ideal situation that is only accepted if it has already been done.
תלמוד בבלי מסכת חולין דף ב עמוד א
Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Chullin 2a
הכל שוחטין לכתחלה, ושחיטתן כשרה דיעבד
All slaughter at the outset and their slaughter is fit in retrospect.

The Talmud, commenting on the Tosefta’s permission for a Samaritan’s slaughter, highly limits it showing distrust for him. Presumably Samaritan’s would also only eat slaughter to our standard (this might relate to other issues of Samaritans not being strict on putting a stumbling block before the blind).
תלמוד בבלי מסכת חולין דף ג עמוד א
Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Chullin 3a
אביי אמר, הכי קתני: הכל שוחטין ואפילו כותי, במה דברים אמורים - כשישראל עומד על גביו, אבל יוצא ונכנס - לא ישחוט,
Abaye said, “Here is how it is taught, ‘All slaughter, even a Samaritan.’ What case are we discussing? When a Jew stands behind him, but if he [the Jew] comes and goes,, he [the Samaritan] should not slaughter.
ואם שחט - חותך כזית בשר ונותן לו, אכלו - מותר לאכול משחיטתו, לא אכלו - אסור לאכול משחיטתו
But if he slaughtered, cut off an olive’s worth of meat and give it to him. If he eats it, it is permitted to eat from his slaughter; if he did not eat it, it is forbidden to eat from his slaughter.

The Babylonian Talmud presents two versions of a statement of Ravina which says that either we have to test someone’s ability to slaughter or we have to test their knowledge of the laws of slaughter before we ideally allow them to do so. This moves slaughter back into the domain of experts just as it was before Deuteronomy.

In both version there is push back to reading the Mishna expansively instead where even the deaf mute, etc. have their slaughter permitted if observed by others.

תלמוד בבלי מסכת חולין דף ג עמוד ב
Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Chullin, 3b
רבינא אמר, הכי קתני: הכל שוחטין - הכל מומחין שוחטין, מומחין ואע"פ שאין מוחזקין, בד"א - שיודעין בו שיודע לומר הלכות שחיטה, אבל אין יודעין בו שיודע לומר הלכות שחיטה - לא ישחוט, ואם שחט, בודקין אותו אם יודע לומר הלכות שחיטה - מותר לאכול משחיטתו, ואם לאו - אסור לאכול משחיטתו, חוץ מחרש שוטה וקטן דאפילו דיעבד נמי לא, שמא ישהו, שמא ידרסו, ושמא יחלידו.

Ravina said, “Here is how it is taught: ‘All may slaughter.’ All are experts in slaughter. They are experts even though they are not been demonstrated as fit.” What is the case? That we know about him that he knows the laws of slaughter. But if we do not know about him that he knows the laws of slaughter, he should not slaughter. If he slaughtered, we check him. If he knows the laws of slaughter, it is permissible to eat from that which he slaughtered, and if not, it is forbidden to eat from his slaughter. Excepting a deaf-mute, a crazy person, or a minor, for even in retrospect also we do not eat, lest he hesitate, lest he press, squeeze in.”
וכולן ששחטו אהייא? אילימא אחרש שוטה וקטן עלה קאי, ואם שחטו מבעי ליה! אלא אשאין מומחין, בבודקין אותו סגי! דליתיה לקמן דליבדקיה.
“And all who slaughtered,” refers to these? Say it refers to the deaf-mute, crazy person, or minor from above it in the Mishna. Then it would need to say, “If they slaughtered.” But if they are not experts, it should be enough if we check them. It [the Mishna] is about when there is no one there to check him.

ואיכא דאמרי: רבינא אמר, הכי קתני: הכל שוחטין - הכל מוחזקין שוחטין, מוחזקין אע"פ שאין מומחין, בד"א - ששחטו לפנינו ב' וג' פעמים ולא נתעלף, אבל לא שחט לפנינו ב' וג' פעמים - לא ישחוט שמא יתעלף, ואם שחט ואמר ברי לי שלא נתעלפתי - שחיטתו כשרה, חוץ מחרש שוטה וקטן דאפילו דיעבד נמי לא, שמא ישהו, שמא ידרסו, ושמא יחלידו,
And there are those who say: Ravina said, “Here is how it is taught: ‘All may slaughter.’ All by default are held to be demonstrated as fit to slaughter, held by default even though they are not experts.” What is the case? Where they slaughtered in front of us two or three times and were not faint. But if they did not slaughter in front of us two or three times, they should not slaughter lest they become faint. And if he slaughtered and said, “It is clear to me that I was not shaking,” his slaughter is fit, except for that of deaf-mute, a crazy person, or a minor, for even in retrospect no [it is not fit], lest they hesitate, lest they press, lest they squeeze.  
וכולן ששחטו אהייא? אילימא אחרש שוטה וקטן עלה קאי, ואם שחטו מיבעי ליה! אלא אשאין מוחזקין, והאמרת: בברי לי סגי! דליתיה קמן דלישייליה.
“And all who slaughtered,” refers to these? Say it refers to the deaf-mute, crazy person, or minor from above it. Then it would need to say, “If they slaughtered.” But if they are not held by default. But you said it was enough if he said, “It is clear to me.” When he is not in front of us to ask him.


One category left open by our Mishna is slaughter performed by women. On one hand other Mishnayot in the category of meat specify when women are equally permitted as men. Below is an example from T’murah. Our Mishna does not specify.

משנה מסכת תמורה פרק א, משנה א
Mishna, Tractate T’murah, Chapter 1, Mishna 1
All may exchange [consecrated animal for unconsecrated] both men and women.
הכל ממירים אחד אנשים ואחד נשים

The Tosafot quote a school against women slaughter but they reject this in favor of women being equal to men in this as well as in sanctified slaughtering.
תוספות מסכת חולין דף ב עמוד א
Tosafot on Tractate Chullin, 2b
הכל שוחטין - כתוב בהלכות ארץ ישראל דנשים לא ישחטו מפני שדעתן קלות ואין נראה דאפילו במוקדשין שוחטות לכתחלה כדאמרינן פרק כל הפסולין
All slaughter - it is written in the laws of the land of Israel that women may not slaughter since their mental capacity is weak. But this does not seem correct, for even for sanctified animals they slaughter at the outset, as we say in the chapter, Kol Ha’psulin.
… והא דלא קתני הכל שוחטין אחד אנשים ואחד נשים כדקתני בתמורה (דף ב.) התם אצטריך למיתנייה כדפירש בריש תמורה משום דכל הפרשה כולה נאמרה בלשון זכר אבל הכא אין חידוש באשה יותר מבאיש ובפרק כל הפסולין (דף לא:) גבי קדשים איצטריך למיתני נשים משום דבשאר עבודות נשים פסולות אפילו כהנות.
And the fact that we did not teach, “All slaughter, whether men or women,” like we taught in T’murah, there we needed to teach it as was explained at the beginning of Terumah since the entire portion is stated in masculine language, but here there is nothing novel about a women more so than a man. And in the chapter, Kol Ha’psulin about sanctified animals, it needed to teach, “women” since in other worship [in the Temple] women are unfit, even those of the priestly class.

However, the Sefer HaAgur pushes back against the Tosafot and moves slaughter to exclusively the domain of men.
ספר האגור הלכות שחיטה סימן אלף סב
Sefer HaAgur, Laws of Slaughter, Siman 1:62
Jacob Landau, 15th Century Italy
ובסמ"ק כתב נשים שוחטות לעצמן אם יודעות הלכות שחיטה ע"כ. אף כי התוס' כתבו בביאור שנשים שוחטות אפילו לכתחלה. מנהג בכל גלות ישראל שלא ישחטו ומעולם לא ראיתי נוהג לשחוט. ולכן אין להניחם לשחוט. כי המנהג מבטל הלכה ומנהג אבותינו תורה היא.
In the SMA”K [Sefer Mitzvot K’atan] he wrote that women slaughter for themselves if they know the laws of slaughter. So too wrote the Tosafot in an explanation that women slaughter, even at the outset. The custom of all of the exile of Israel is that they do not slaughter. I never saw a custom for them to slaughter. Therefore we do not allow them to slaughter. For custom cancels law, and the custom of our fathers is Torah.

In his gloss on the Shulchan Arukh, Rav Moshe Isserles seems to struggle with only allowing slaughter by experts, by relying on proclaimed experts without checking. At the end, however, he suggests a custom of butchers having certifications they carry proving their fitness to slaughter.
שולחן ערוך יורה דעה הלכות שחיטה סימן א סעיף א
Shulchan Arukh, Yoreh De’ah, Laws of Slaughter, Siman 1, Article 1
... הגה:  וי"א שאין לסמוך על החזקה אלא בדיעבד, אבל לכתחלה אין לסמוך על החזקה, במקום דיכולין לבררו, (מרדכי והגהות אשירי ואגור בשם א"ז ושאלתות פרשת בהעלותך).
Gloss: There are those who say one should not rely on a default assumption except in retrospect. But at the outset, one should not rely on a default in a place where one can clarify.
וכל זה מיירי באחרים, שאינן בקיאין ויודעין אם זה השוחט בקי או לא, אבל השוחט עצמו לא ישחוט, אע"פ שיודע הלכות שחיטה ומומחה, עד ששחט ג' פעמים בפני חכם ומומחה בהלכות שחיטה, שיודע שהוא רגיל וזריז שלא יתעלף. (טור בשם הרמב"ם) ולכן נוהגין שאין אדם שוחט אלא א"כ נטל קבלה לפני חכם, (אגור בשם הלכות א"י). ואין החכם נותן לו קבלה, עד שידע בו שהוא יודע הלכות שחיטה ובקי ביד. ולכן נוהגין שכל הבאין לשחוט, סומכין עליהם לכתחלה. ולא בדקינן אותם לא בתחלה ולא בסוף, דכל המצויין אצל שחיטה כבר נטלו קבלה לפני חכם, (ד"ע). ובקצת מקומות נוהגין להחמיר עוד, דהמקבל נוטל כתב מן החכם, לראייה שנתן לו קבלה.
And all this deals with others, who are not experts and and do not know if this slaughterer is an expert or not, but the slaughterer himself should not slaughter, even though he knows the laws of slaughter and is an expert, until he has slaughtered three times in front of a sage and expert in the laws of slaughter, so that he knows that he is accustomed and enthusiastic so that he will not become faint. Therefore, our custom is that a person does not slaughter unless he received acceptance from a sage. And a sage does not give him acceptance until he knows that he knows the laws of slaughter and is an expert with his hand. Therefore, our practice is that all who come to slaughter, we rely on them at the outset. And we do not check them neither at the beginning or the end, for all found to slaughter already received acceptance from a sage. And in some places we are accustomed to be more stringent, that one who receives acceptance takes a certificate from the sage, as visual proof that he was given acceptance.


תפארת ישראל - יכין מסכת חולין פרק א
Tiferet Yisrael Yakhin, Tractate Chullin, Chapter 1
Israel Lifschitz, 19th Century Germany
הכל שוחטין ושחיטתן כשרה. הכל שוחטין משמע לכתחילה ושחיטתן כשרה משמע בדיעבד, אלא הכי קאמר כל המומחים שידענום שיודעין הלכות שחיטה, מותרים לשחוט לכתחלה, אף שאין מוחזקים לבלי להתעלף כשישחטו, דהיינו אף שלא שחטו לפנינו עדיין ג' פעמים בלי התבהלות, והרי בכל עילוף יש חשש שהוי, לא חיישינן לעילוף,
All may slaughter and their slaughter is fit. “All may slaughter” means at the outset, “and their slaughter is fit,” means in retrospect. Rather, here is what it means to say: all experts about whom we know they know the rules of slaughter, they are permitted to slaughter at the outset, even if they are not held to be without faintness when they slaughter. That is, even if they did not slaughter in front of us three times already without agitation, for with any faintness there is a concern of pausing [something which can render a slaughter unfit]. We are not concerned for shakiness.
אבל כשלא ידענום שיודעים הלכות שחיטה, לכתחילה לא ישחטו על סמך שיבדקום אחר שחיטה, דשמא ישכח מלבדקם, ועכ"פ אם שחטו בדיעבד, שחיטתן כשרה כשיבדקום וימצאום שבקיאין בהלכות שחיטה.
But when we do not know about them that they know the laws of slaughter, at the outset they should not slaughter on the reliance that they will check them after the slaughter, lest one forget to check them. Nonetheless, if they slaughtered in retrospect, their slaughter is fit when they are checked and found to be experts in the laws of slaughter.
Rav Yair Bacharach is asked a question about a village where the butcher becomes ill and his three non-expert apprentices (or servants) might need to fill in though they lack the normal matriculation process to be expert slaughterers. Even though it is before Pesach and there is a need for meat he only reluctantly allows it suggesting instituting fasting as atonement. More than anyone we have seen so far I think he is a source returning us to a slaughter done only by the most experts as it would have been in the desert.
שו"ת חוות יאיר סימן קעח
Responsa of the Chavot Yair, Siman 178
Yair Bacharach, 17th Century Germany
שאלה נשאלתי כפר שדרין בה ג' ב"ב ותמיד מחזיקין אצלם מלמד והוא שוחט ובודק ונגד י"ט של פסח נפל למשכב ואחד מן הב"ב למדן ויודע היטב הלכות שחיטה ובדיקה רק שמעולם לא שחט ולא בדק אם רשאי לשחוט...
A question which was asked of me about a village where three normal people, and are always present with a teacher who is a slaughterer and checker, and before Pesach he fell ill, and one of the regular guys is knowledgeable and knows well the laws of slaughtering and checking, but has never actually slaughtered or checked, whether or not he is permitted to slaughter.
מצד הדין היה היתר גמור כי ענין נתינת רשות ולקיחת קבלה אינו רק מנהג אחרונים לכן ק"ל אם כבר שחט כמה שנים בלי קבלה ואח"כ בדקוהו ומצאוהו יודע כשר הכל למפרע כדמוכח. ולכן היה לנו לומר דבכה"ג שהוא דרך מקרה לא טהור ואי אפשר להם להשיג בשר בענין אחר ולכבוד יו"ט כדיעבד דמי כי בשלשתן מצינו בכמה דוכתי שהקילו רז"ל...
From the letter of law, there is a complete allowance, for the matter of giving permission and receiving acceptance is but a custom of the Aharonim [post Shulchan Arukh Rabbis]. Therefore we hold if he has already slaughtered for several years without acceptance, and after they checked him and found he knows, everything is retroactively fit. Therefore we must say that in a similar situation that happens to not be the most proper, and it is impossible for them to get meat in another matter, and for the honor of the holiday, this is like an in retrospect situation, for in all three we find several places where our Rabbis were lenient.
והכי מצינו בכמה דוכתי שהקילו משום כבוד שבת וי"ט ודימוהו להפסד מרובה.
And so too we find several places where they were lenient in honor of Shabbat and holidays, and they compared it to a great loss.
ומ"מ לבי מהסס להתיר דבר כזה בדורות הללו שכבר גדולה המכשלה בארץ אשכנז ביושבי כפרים שנמסר דבר הגדול הזה לע"ה ובורים ונער קטן נוהג בם ועל זה אנו בושים ודווים ואיך נקל עוד שישחוט ויבדוק בלי קבלה...
Nonetheless, my heart hesitates to permit something like this in these times, for already the stumbling block in the Bohemian lands is great for those dwelling in villages, for such an important matter has been given to regular people and ignoramuses, and young children engage in them. And on this we are embarrassed and sickened. And how can we be more lenient that one can slaughter and check without acceptance?
נ"ל שאפילו יש לו בשר מלוח יותר מב' ימים שאין בו שמחה מותר לב"ב למדן ויודע הלכות שחיטה לשחוט עוף או עופות אצל שו"ב החולה שהרי בכה"ג יש מתירין לכתחילה ומקיים בהם שמחת יו"ט קצת לפי מנהג העולם דבמשתאות החשובות מפרנסי' בעופות אע"פ דק"ל ג"כ דאין יוצא ידי שמחת החג בבשר עופות.
And it seems to me that even if he has more than two day old salted meat, which does not have joy [in eating it], it is permissible for the regular guy who is learned and knows the laws of slaughter to slaughter a chicken or chickens next to the slaughter and checking of the sick man, for in a similar manner we permit at the outset, and uphold with it the happiness of the holiday a bit according the practice of the world that in important festive meals we publicize by serving fowl, even though we also hold that one does not fulfill the happiness of the festival with the meat of fowl.
וה"ה דשרי לו לשחוט בהמה...
And this is the rule that it is permissible for him to slaughter cattle…
ואם יעשה כאלה יקבל עליו תענית לכפרה ואיזה סך לצדקה לפרסומי מילת' דלא לימרו דהותר בכל שעת הדחק רק מפני שמחת יו"ט שהוא ג"כ מצוה.
And if he does as such he should take a fast upon himself as atonement and a sum for charity to advertise this matter that it was not permitted for any time of need, only due to the enjoyment of the holiday which is also a commandment.

Thursday, August 6, 2015

Parashat Eikev 5775


This week’s parasha gives us the law of birkhat hamazon, the grace after meals. It falls in the middle of a view verses. One, which is two verses away, involves the seven species which grow well in the land of Israel. Whether or not this verse is connected to the verse about birkhat hamazon is unclear. Further, it seems that being satisfied is what leads to rebellion against God.
1) דברים פרשת עקב פרק ח
Deuteronomy Chapter 8
(7) For the Hashem your God is bringing you to a good land, a land of rivers, springs, and deep waters going through the valley and the mountain.
(ז) כִּי יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ מְבִיאֲךָ אֶל־אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה אֶרֶץ נַחֲלֵי מָיִם עֲיָנֹת וּתְהֹמֹת יֹצְאִים בַּבִּקְעָה וּבָהָר:
(8) A land of wheat and barley, grape-vine, fig, pomegranate; a land of oil bearing olives and honey.
(ח) אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגֶפֶן וּתְאֵנָה וְרִמּוֹן אֶרֶץ־זֵית שֶׁמֶן וּדְבָשׁ:
(9) A land that not through poverty will you eat bread; you will not lack anything in it; a land whose rocks are iron and from its mountains you will cut bronze.
(ט) אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר לֹא בְמִסְכֵּנֻת תֹּאכַל־בָּהּ לֶחֶם לֹא־תֶחְסַר כֹּל בָּהּ אֶרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אֲבָנֶיהָ בַרְזֶל וּמֵהֲרָרֶיהָ תַּחְצֹב נְחֹשֶׁת:
(10) You will eat and be satisfied; and you shall bless the Hashem your God regarding the good land that He gave to you.
(י) וְאָכַלְתָּ וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבֵרַכְתָּ אֶת־יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ עַל־הָאָרֶץ הַטֹּבָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַן־לָךְ:
(11) Watch yourself, lest you forget Hashem your God, to not keep His commandments, laws, and statutes which I command you today.
(יא) הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן־תִּשְׁכַּח אֶת־יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְבִלְתִּי שְׁמֹר מִצְוֹתָיו וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו וְחֻקֹּתָיו אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם:
(12) Lest you eat, be satisfied, build nice houses, and settle.
(יב) פֶּן־תֹּאכַל וְשָׂבָעְתָּ וּבָתִּים טֹבִים תִּבְנֶה וְיָשָׁבְתָּ:
(13) And you cattle and flock will become great, and you will have great silver and gold and all that you have will be great.
(יג) וּבְקָרְךָ וְצֹאנְךָ יִרְבְּיֻן וְכֶסֶף וְזָהָב יִרְבֶּה־לָּךְ וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־לְךָ יִרְבֶּה:
(14) Then your heart will be haughty and then you will forget Hashem your God Who took you out from the land of Egypt, from the house of slavery.
(יד) וְרָם לְבָבֶךָ וְשָׁכַחְתָּ אֶת־יְקֹוָק אֱלֹהֶיךָ הַמּוֹצִיאֲךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים:

The Meshekh Chokhma particularly thinks that one of the reasons for saying birkhat hamazon is that it prevents the rebellion that comes with being satisfied.

2) משך חכמה דברים פרשת עקב פרק ח
Meshekh Chokhma, Deuteronomy Chapter 8
Meir Simcha (18th and 19th Centuries Dvinsk)
That when one eats and is satisfied, then one is likely to rebel. Like the verses state, “Lest you eat, be satisfied… then you will forget Hashem your God.” “A full stomach is of a bad type,” (tractate Berakhot 32a).
שכשאוכל ושבע אז הוא עלול לבעט, וכמו שאמר הכתוב (פסוקים יב - יד) "פן תאכל ושבעת וכו' ושכחת את ה' אלקיך". מלי כריסי זני בישי (ברכות לב, א).
Therefore Hashem, may He be blessed, commanded that when one eats and is satisfied, one should recall God with thanks, bless Him, and recall that “He who gives you power to achieve wealth,” (Deuteronomy 8:18). And from His hand one takes food to fill his soul when he is hungry.  
לכן צוה השי"ת שכשיאכל וישבע, יזכיר שם אלקים בתודה ויברכנהו ויזכור כי "הוא הנתן לך כח לעשות חיל" (להלן פסוק יח) ומידו לוקח האוכל למלאות נפשו כי ירעב.
This is what it means to say in continuation, “Watch yourself lest you forget… lest you eat and be satisfied… then your heart will be haughty and then you will forget… then you shall remember… for he gave you the power to achieve wealth.”  
וזה שאמר בסמוך (יב - יח) "השמר לך פן תשכח וכו' פן תאכל ושבעת וכו' ורם לבבך ושכחת וזכרת וכו' כי הוא הנתן לך כח לעשות חיל".
It shows us the reason for the blessing, that one should not harden his heart from the ways of Hashem, may He be blessed, and His testimonies. And this might be only when he is satisfied, and when he is hungry.
הראה לנו טעם הברכה, שלא יקשיח לבבו מדרכי השי"ת ועדותיו. וזה יתכן דוקא כשהוא שבע, לא כשהוא רעב.

The Mishna presents a three way debate about when to say birkhat haazon. Rabban Gamliel, who seems to read a connection between the seven species and eating, being satisfied, and blessing, posits that birkhat hamazon (known here as “three blessings” since it originally contained three blessings) should be said on any of the seven species. This idea connects being satisfied with the bounty of the land God gives Israel.

The Sages think that the verse in between the seven species and the verse about blessing means that on the seven species on says a blessing after eating, but it is only a single blessing that has an echo of birkhat hamazon (and this is the normative law).

Rebbi Akiva, seeming to place an emphasis on being satisfied, thinks that whatever one makes into a regular meal deserves a full birkhat hamazon.
3) משנה מסכת ברכות פרק ו, משנה ח
Mishna Tractate B’rakhot, Chapter 6, Mishna 8
“If one ate figs, grapes, and pomegranates, he blesses after them three blessings,” in the words of Rabban Gamliel.
אכל תאנים וענבים ורמונים מברך אחריהן שלש ברכות דברי רבן גמליאל
But the Sages say, “One blessing like three.”
וחכמים אומרים ברכה אחת מעין שלש
Rebbi Akiva says, “Even if he ate boiled vegetables, and that is is sustenance, he blesses after them three blessings.”
ר"ע אומר אפי' אכל שלק והוא מזונו מברך אחריו ג' ברכות

4) תוספתא מסכת ברכות (ליברמן) פרק ד, הלכה טו
Tosefta, Tractate B’rakhot (Lieberman version), Chapter 4, Halakha 15
Rebbi Yehuda said in his own name: Anything of the seven species but not of grain, or grain but not made into bread, Rabban Gamliel says, “One says after it three blessings.”
ר' יהודה או' משמו כל שהוא ממין שבעה ולא ממין דגן או דגן ולא עשאו פת רבן גמליאל או' מברך אחריו שלש ברכות
But the Sages say, ‘One blessing.”
וחכמים או' ברכה אחת
And anything neither of the seven species nor of grain, Rabban Gamliel says, “Bless after it one blessing.”
וכל שאינו לא ממין שבעה ולא ממין דגן רבן גמליאל או' מברך אחריו ברכה אחת
But the Sages say, “Nothing.”
וחכמים או' ולא כלום
By implication, three blessings (birkhat hamazon) is only said on bread made from grain. This leads to a modern issue, well presented here by Rav Yoel bin Nun.

5) ברכת המזון – חיובה מן התורה – מדוע וכיצד
Birkhat HaMazon - An Obligation from the Torah - Why and How?
Yoel bin Nun (20th and 21st Century Israel)
It the custom of those eating that we replace bread with the grains of the morning, meat and rice, vegetables and potatoes for the afternoon or evening, as a broad concession for wheat bread (and the like), spread especially amongst those of wealth, rich and satisfied, and especially for celebratory occasions, where they eat like a bull and bless like a butterfly, saving the time and the bother of hand washing and birkhat hamazon, and satisfied with their good lot like those who pray and find a groom or father of a child to be circumcised and are exempt from tachanun (which is only a custom), as if these are just a bother for them.
מנהגי האכילה שמחליפים פת לחם בדגניים של בוקר, בשר ואורז, ירקות ותפוחי אדמה של צהרים, או של ערב, עם ויתור נרחב על פת חיטה (ודומיה), פשטו דווקא בחברת שפע, עשירה ושבעה, ובמיוחד באירועים חגיגיים, ש'אוכלים כמו פר, ומברכים כמו פרפר', "מרוויחים" זמן וטירחה של נטילת ידיים וברכת המזון, ושמחים בחלקם הטוב כמו מתפללים שמצאו חתן או בעל ברית, ונפטרו מ'תחנון' (שאינו אלא מנהג), כאילו כל אלה רק לטורח עליהם.

But why was bread ever the defining factor of a meal? The Talmud plays it out here, telling us that bread satisfies and people make meals on it. Anything else, even wine which does satisfy according to the Talmud, is not an item on which people establish a meal. Anyone who does is an outlier and the law does not follow such a case.
6) תלמוד בבלי מסכת ברכות דף לה עמוד ב
Babylonian Talmud, Tractate B’rakhot 35b
And does wine satisfy? Was it not Rava who would drink wine all erev Pesach since it would increase his appetite and he would eat a bit more matzah.
וחמרא מי סעיד? והא רבא הוה שתי חמרי כל מעלי יומא דפסחא כי היכי דנגרריה ללביה וניכול מצה טפי.
A lot increases appetite, a bit satisfies.
טובא גריר פורתא סעיד
Does it satisfy at all? Is it not written, “Wine gladdens the heart of man, and on bread the heart of man is satisfied, etc.?”
ומי סעיד כלל? והכתיב ויין ישמח לבב אנוש ולחם לבב אנוש יסעד וגו'?
Bread satisfies; wine does not satisfy. Rather, wine has both: satisfying and gladdening. Bread definitely satisfies but does not gladden.
נהמא הוא דסעיד חמרא לא סעיד אלא חמרא אית ביה תרתי סעיד ומשמח נהמא מסעד סעיד שמוחי לא משמח
If so, one should bless on it three blessings! A person does not make his meal on it.
אי הכי נבריך עליה שלש ברכות לא קבעי אינשי סעודתייהו עלויה
Rav Nachman son of Yitzchak said to Rava, “If he established his meal on it, what is the ruling?”
א"ל רב נחמן בר יצחק לרבא אי קבע עלויה סעודתיה מאי?
He said to him, “When Eliyahu comes, he will say if that is establishing [a meal]. For now, however, his thought is cancelled compared to everyone else.”
א"ל לכשיבא אליהו ויאמר אי הויא קביעותא השתא מיהא בטלה דעתו אצל כל אדם

However, we also have a case of eating bread like things which do not seem to quite be bread. If one eats enough of them, one needs to say birkhat hamazon. The reason is that people establish meals on such things (this is the category of bread coming though kisnim).
7) תלמוד בבלי מסכת ברכות דף מב עמוד א
Babylonian Talmud, Tractate B’rakhot 42a
Rav Huna ate thirteen rolls of one third of a kav and did not bless. Rav Nachman said to him: so much is your hunger? Rather, all that others establish a meal on, one needs to bless.
רב הונא אכל תליסר ריפתי בני תלתא תלתא בקבא ולא בריך. אמר ליה רב נחמן: עדי כפנא! אלא: כל שאחרים קובעים עליו סעודה צריך לברך.

The Kesef Mishna explains that nothing satisfies except for the five species of grain.
8) כסף משנה הלכות ברכות פרק א, הלכה א
Kesef Mishna, Laws of Blessings, Chapter 1, Law 1
Yosef Karo (15th-16th Century Spain, Turkey, and Israel)
As it is taught, “Birkhat Hamazon is from the Torah, as it says, ‘you will eat and be satisfied.” And it follows that it is only about the five grains that it is discussing from the choice of language, ‘you will… be satisfied,” and the only thing that satisfies is the five species of grain.
דקתני ברכת מזון מן התורה שנאמר ואכלת ושבעת ומשמע ליה דאחמשת מיני דגן דוקא קאמר מדנקט ושבעת ואין לך דבר שמשביע אלא ה' מיני דגן:

Rav Yoel bin Nun suggests a non-formal solution. What if the whole world made meals on things aside from bread, as is common in the modern Western world, richer world? What if birkhat hamazon’s bread limitation is only based on a milieu where everyone makes meals on bread? In that case, Rebbi Akiva’s opinion of making birkhat hamazon on even boiled vegetables would come back as the law.
9) ברכת המזון – חיובה מן התורה – מדוע וכיצד?
Birkhat HaMazon - An Obligation from the Torah - Why and How?
Yoel bin Nun (20th and 21st Century Israel)
Now we come to the root question: why do the Sages argue with Rebbi Akiva? Is it because they interpret the portion in Devarim in a different way and uphold it on bread from the species of grain only?
כאן אנו באים אל השאלה העיקרית – מדוע חולקים חכמים על רבי עקיבא – האם מפני שהם פירשו אחרת את הפרשה בדברים, והעמידוה על "לחם" של מיני דגן בלבד?
Or is it that “one for whom eating boiled vegetables is his sustenance,” his opinion is cancelled compared to everyone, but if everyone eats thusly, the Sages would agree with Rebbi Akiva?
או מפני שה' אוכל שלק והוא מזונו', בטלה דעתו אצל 'כל אדם'? אבל אם 'כל אדם' אוכלים כך – יודו חכמים לרבי עקיבא?

Raising the stakes, the Shulchan Arukh seems to suggest to us that one needs to make a meal everyday. Implied is a daily recitation of birkhat hamazon. Therefore, if one never eats a meal with bread, unless we follow Rav Yoel’s logic, we might be violating a law of not having a halakhic meal daily.
10) שולחן ערוך אורח חיים הלכות נטילת ידים סימן קנז, סעיף א
Shulchan Arukh, Orech Chayyim, Laws of Hand Washing, Siman 157, Article 1
Yosef Karo (15th-16th Century Spain, Turkey, and Israel)
When the fourth hour arrives one should make a meal; and if one is a scholar and engaged in study, one can wait until the sixth hour.
כשיגיע שעה רביעית יקבע סעודתו; ואם הוא ת"ח ועוסק בלימודו, ימתין עד שעה ו',
But one should not wait longer than this for it is like throwing a stone to a barrel if he does not taste something in the morning.
ולא יאחר יותר דהוי כזורק אבן לחמת אם לא טעם מידי בצפרא.